Banking Application, Expert System, Library System

Banking Application

The use of computer technology has been better and better, now we are going to learn about it.

ATM: Allows almost anywhere access to your money; transfer, check balance, take money, change

ATM or automatic teller machine is the machine where people can do transaction with money or even can take money out from it.

Library system: it is used in the library to keep check on the records of who borrowed the book and what book is borrowed everyday.It is also used in the library to keep check on the records of who borrowed the book and what book is borrowed everyday.This system makes the librarian easier to do his work rather than recording it in a book. This system needs a barcode so that it can just be scan by a scanner like in the supermarket.

The expert system

It is developed to mimic the expertise and knowledge of an

diagnosing a person’s illness

[1] diagnostics (finding faults in a car engine, finding faults on a circuit board, etc.)

[1] prospecting for oil and minerals

[1] tax and financial calculations

[1] chess games

[1] identification of plants, animals and chemical compounds

[1] road scheduling for delivery vehicles.

Knowledge Base = a database that  allow complex storage and retrieval requirements of the management system

 Rule Base = It is similar to a 'Setting' option of an application

Inference Base = It is like a rule base, but focuses more to the system and not how the program looks like. It is also a type of a reasoning engine

How to set up an expert system:

Experts in the field are interviewed to find out what is needed in the expert

system.

Data is then collected from these experts.

A knowledge base (defined below) is designed and then created.

The rules base (defined below) is designed and created.

An inference engine (defined below) is designed and created.

The input screen and output format are also designed and created – this is

known as the user interface.

The expert system is tested against known conditions and scenarios.

It is also checked to see if it meets the original specification.

Experts are interviewed about how effective it is before the expert system goes

out on general release.

Advantages

Expert systems provide consistent answers.

They never ‘forget’ to answer a question when determining the logic.

Using expert systems reduces the time taken to solve a problem.

A less skilled work force is needed, which gives the potential of saving money,

but also allows areas of the world access to expertise which they could not

normally afford.

Disadvantages

They tend to lack common sense in some of the decision-making processes.

Errors in the knowledge base can lead to incorrect decisions being made.

It can be expensive to set up in the first place.

Considerable training is necessary to ensure the system is used correctly by the

operators.

•Chip and Pin: to ensure higher security rather than signatures, every chip and pin is different, a magnetic strip of your card has a unique pin which has been registered to your account or balance, it can also be used to pay in restaurants and shops. 

Tuck Shop model, Traffic light simulation, Architectural simulation, Types of processing

Tuck Shop

A program that’s stores information/records in a spreadsheet (Similar to Microsoft Excel) for a period of time. It could also change a data if the data changes in real life. EX. A supermarket, a school supply shop, etc

Traffic Light simulator

It simulate a scenario about traffic light. It simulate with the data gather, either manually or by a computer.

Information gathers:

·        How many cars pass in a weekday, weekend or holiday.

·        Direction cars go to

·        Time taking for a average car to finish the junction

·        Time taken for the slowest car

·        How pedestrian crossing over effect the traffic

The profit for this is      :

ü No risk when trying out scenario

ü Testing all scenario takes less time

ü Expenses for testing the scenario is cheaper

Simulations are used because it is less expensive than building the real thing.

Architectural simulation

Architectural simulation is a simulation on buildings. This is to test if the building could hold and what is its limitation. The information needed is basic physics and what material will the building use.

Just like the traffic light simulation, it is safer, cheaper and faster if you simulate this than testing it in real life. It could even simulate if the building will get damaged in certain weather.

 3 Types of Processing:

1.   Batch processing

2.   Real Time(transaction) or online processing

3.   Real time process control

Batch processing is the execution of a series of programs on a computer without manual intervention. It is often use in Banks, Billing System and Payroll system. It doesn't need to update manually, it will update automatically, when the system is less busy (e.g. overnight when people are less active). It will update  its main server and it will do it frequently.

Real-Time (Transaction) or online processing

It is an example of Online processing, and it could be used in Theatre, ATM, flight and etc. Unlike the Batch processing, this will have to be faster, to prevent 'double booking'. It will update as fast as possible to its main server. This process has a time lag and isn't instantly updated

Real-Time Process Control

Real-time Process Control is instant process. There is no time lag. It is also an example of online processing. It is used in games, where is needs no lag when playing. It is also used when measuring physical quantities.

Batch Processing applications,Automatic stock control, online booking system

Batch Processing applications

Batch Processing

·         Use to process a lot of data and a fast response time

·         No data is processed until a complete batch has been put together

·    

Three types of transaction:

1. ·         Add
2. ·         Delete
3. ·         Update

Before process

·         Validating = each transaction is check again

·         Sorting = sort using a primary key

Advantage

·         Cheaper and easier real-time system

·         It is automatically, when it is less busy.

Disadvantage

·         The time lag is not so fast when updating

·         A delay when processing before work and when the output is obtained

Payroll System:

Payroll system is an application that are used to count the wages of every employees at the end of the week or month and also to print it using the information in its server.

Input : First it reads the detail of the Employees, the time that the employees worked and any overtime duration

Process:  gross pay, any deduction (e.g Tax) , etc

Output : Print the Slip(Check), update the file, Transfer money to the Bank account of the employees if they have Bank account

Billing systems

Companies send their bill on a pre-determined date, so that theyu send their bills in one batch.

Inputs: customer details (address), charge per kW (unit) of power, previous readings, new readings taken from the electricity meter, bank account details.

Process: the process is done by the calculation of number of units of electricity used, customer’s cost, monthly payments made (if using direct debit), outstanding amount owed or carried in the next bill.

Outputs: bill showing all the details, updating of customer file, production of request for payment if not done through direct debit

Automatic Stock Control

 Automatic uses a Barcode. With this the identification of the item will be faster in the cashier with a barcode reader. Barcodes are made up of alternating dark and light lines of varying thickness barcode usually consists of four parts: country code, manufacturer’s code, product code and a check digit.check digit is a form of validation which is used to make sure no errors occurred during the reading of the barcode.

Here is the example of a barcode reading:

  1    3    5    7    9    11      odd digit position

  4 7 2 8 4 6 9 3 2 2 1

     2    4    6    8   10           even digit position

even numbers: 7,8,6,3,2

odd numbers:4,2,4,9,2,1

Add together the digits in the odd positions and multiply the sum by 3:

(4+2+4+9+2+1) times 3 = 22 x 3 =66

Add together the digits in the even positions:

7+8+6+3+2= 26

Add the two results together: 66+26= 92 

To find the check digit, calculate what needs to be added to 92 to make the next

multiple of 10 i.e. 100

.Hence the final code is 4 7 2 8 4 6 9 3 2 2 1 8

Barcodes are used in the following applications:

1. library book systems 
2. administration systems 
3. passport and ID card systems
4. some burglar alarm systems
5. equipment checking systems 
6. automatic stock control systems 

·       Stock control system are   system that monitor the item in stock, to know if it is too much or too little to all items

·         It works just like Microsoft Excel (spreadsheet)

·         Example: for stores

·         When a item is added or taken, the system will record it

·         The system will check if the item is less than the quantity that the market needs.

Advantage:

·         Make updating easier

·         Instant feedback

·         Sales are shown

·         Re ordering can quickly be done

Disadvantage:

·         Complicated

·         Expensive

·         Staff training

·         If the system broke, the whole place will be confused

·         Need backup plans

·         Staff needs to remember to update

Online booking

·         Website

·         Example is booking flight

·         In the website, you can see the flight available

·         You can book seats/rooms in the form from the website

·         The details will transferred to the central database, which will be update

·         It uses real-time transaction processing so that if the seat is taken it will give the information that the seat is not available anymore

·         They have strict changes so only one person can change it.

Advantage:

·         Save time

·         Saves money (in transport), by not going to the place where we need to buy the ticket we can save fuels and money

·         Easier

Disadvantage:

·         By fake website, our personal info can be stolen

·         It is hard for the one that can’t use the internet

·         Hard for someone that doesn’t have any gadget or PC

Turtle Graphics, Robotics

Turtle Graphics

What is it?

A method of programming specifically designed for children to do some basic programming

A method of programming

By controlling the movement of the ‘turtle’ on the screen by typing key instruction for it to move

What does it affect in everyday life?

It is used to carry out drawing functions for Programming the graphics by drawing.

What’s the profit and lost when using it?

Application using sensor

What does it affect in everyday life?

Monitoring: Burglar alarm system

fingerprint-based attendance management system

Record in the data will be accurate and more secure (updates the data overnight)

 Controlling:  Greenhouse Environment

                        To control its environment.

What’s the profit and lost?

Monitoring   : Lost: Expensive, May break down, easily set or hacked and can cause problems

Profit: Efficient, Accurate, Can be taken more frequent, Updates automatically, and keeps data safe

Controlling   : Profit: Safer, Direct response, Accurate

How does the sensor affect the control?

Monitoring: collects data and updates the files or data. It will give notice but does not result changes.

Controlling: reviews the data from the sensors. It will give notice and automatically changes the process

Sensor Lens or Light, how does it work?

Light:  image control street light control: it computes the amount of vehicles in a street. If there’s snow on the street, it will be dimmer because ice can reflect the light.

Photocells: light can be controlled by photocells. These are light-sensitive sensors that responds to the amount of light detected.

Example : Washing Machine

It has the sensor to detect how much time is needed to dry the clothes

 Robotics

Robotics is a computer science

One of the ways ICT is used.

It is used in manufacturing

The profit and lost when it uses ICT

Profit : Efficient, doesn’t need wages, Higher productivity, don’t have any feelings, Can work in a harmful environment

Lost    : Difficult to do ‘unusual task’, Replace skilled labour, risk of de-skilling, Factories can be moved, Causing unemployment